Trends in Economic and Social Globalization: Challenges and Obstacles (2000). Moreover, ”[t]he effects of globalization are profound and its integrative momentum powerful. It challenges [the] adaptive capacity of the nation-state, demands new processes of democratization, shapes tendencies toward ideological extremism and religious fundamentalism, influences the evolution of North-South relations and enables NGOs to generate new norms and policies for global governance. In response, several parallel counter-forces, grounded in regionalization, decentralization and localism, are taking root throughout the international community. Disenchantment arising from the very uneven rewards and benefits of globalization has led to strong reactions expressed as religious extremism, various forms of terrorism, and efforts to assert the salience of particular and local identities.” Id.